Lustrum

一個LūstrumIPA:[ˈluːs̠t̪rʊ̃ˑ],複數盧斯特拉)是一個五年的任期古羅馬.

它與同型lustrum/ˈlʊstr/luss-trəm):野獸的出沒(象徵性的是一個虎鉗),複數Lustra/ˈlʊstrː/路易斯 - 特拉)。[1]

歷史

清晰度最初是一個犧牲為了到期純化由其中一個審查員以羅馬人民的名義在奪取時人口普查。犧牲通常是以動物犧牲的形式,被稱為Suovetaurilia.

這些人口普查是在五年間隔進行的,因此Lūstrum來指代五年的企業間期。Lustrum(從luo古希臘λούω)是對整個羅馬人進行的掃描或淨化馬蒂烏斯校園,在接受人口普查結束後。由於這種淨化僅發生了五年,所以這個詞Lūstrum還用來指定兩個Lustra之間的時間。

首先Lūstrum由金在公元前566年進行Servius,在他完成人口普查之後,據說這是在人口普查結束後每五年定期進行的。在共和國最早的時期,人口普查業務和莊嚴Lūstrum由領事表演。根據公元前443年,第一批審查員被任命為公元前443年,從今年降至公元前294年。利維(x.47),只有26對審查員,只有21個盧特拉或一般淨化,儘管如果一切都是規則的,那將有30對審查員和30對盧斯塔。有時,人口普查根本不是持有的,或者至少沒有由審查員持有。沒有任何人口普查Lūstrum,確實記錄了公元前459年和214案的兩種情況。在這些情況下,Lūstrum沒有由於某些巨大的災難而遭受共和國的災難。

時間Lūstrum已經計算出來。六個古老羅勒時代每人304天,差異為兩天,等於五個太陽年,每年365天,一年為366天;或六年的六個古老的年份,而五個太陽年限為1826天。這Lūstrum,或者是古羅馬人的偉大一年,因此是一個循環,在那一年的結束時,遠古時代的開始幾乎與太陽年的年份相吻合。然而,由於巧合併不完美,每第十一個月都有一個月的24天Lūstrum。從最早的時候起,這種循環或偉大的一年的複發很可能是通過犧牲和淨化而莊嚴的,而金爵士國王沒有介紹他們,而只是將它們與他的人口普查聯繫起來,從而樹立了榜樣,從而為然而,隨後的年齡並未定期觀察到這一點。

最後Lūstrum在公元74年的羅馬莊嚴的Vespasian.

Relief depicts a long continuous scene that may be divided into three main groupings from left. The first is a group of four men wearing togas. Two are seated, and one is writing in a tablet. Two tall military guards divide this group from the central scene of sacrifice. Two musicians, markedly shorter than the soldiers, play a lyre and a horn. An unadorned altar, waist-high, stands in the center. To the viewer's left is the tallest figure in the composition, a military officer wearing a high plumed helmet and holding a long slender spear. standing by an altar. On the other side of the altar a priest, his head ritually covered, extends a libation bowl. A boy attendant pours from a pitcher into the bowl, and to that boy's right is a smaller boy looking on and lifting his right hand to the top of his head, a gesture that appears quizzical to modern viewers but may have some other significance in its Roman context. The priest is accompanied by a third boy close to his left side who stands ready with a towel. The right side of the relief is devoted to the procession of the three animal victims for the suovetaurilia, each led by a young male attendant, barechested but wearing a short kilt-like garment, with a wreath on his head. The first leads an enormous bull with a tasseled rope dangling from below its left horn. A fourth male attendant in the same attire follows closely on the bull's hindquarter, waving a palm branch in each hand. The attendant bringing the ram is followed by another veiled figure carrying a pole from which a banner unfurls. The attendant herding the pig is followed by another soldier bearing a long shield and looking back at another whose shield rests on the ground, covering most of his body. The last figure is a cavalryman, back turned to the viewer, next to his horse.
所謂的人口普查frize”Domitius Ahenobarbus的祭壇“隨著人口普查(在左邊)和Suovetaurilia的遊行。站在祭壇上的高個子戰士有時被確定為上帝火星他自己[2]

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參考

  1. ^牛津拉丁書籍詞典(2005)。牛津:牛津大學出版社。pp。vii,109
  2. ^Katja Moede,“浮雕,公共和私人”,羅馬宗教的同伴(Blackwell,2007年),第1頁。 170。

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